A runny nose is a common symptom for both allergic rhinitis (allergic runny nose) and acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). Despite some similarities, the causes, mechanisms, and treatments for each type of runny nose differ. Here, we outline the main differences, causes, and symptoms of allergic rhinitis and cold-related rhinitis.
1. Differences Between Allergic Rhinitis and ARVI-Related Runny Nose
| Parameter | Allergic Rhinitis | Cold-Related Runny Nose |
|---|---|---|
| Cause | Allergens (pollen, dust, animal fur, mold) | Viruses (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses) |
| Onset of Symptoms | Sudden, often after exposure to an allergen | Gradual onset (1-2 days after infection) |
| Duration | Can last weeks or months (if exposed to allergen) | Typically 7-10 days |
| Nasal Discharge | Clear, watery, thin | Starts clear, then can thicken and turn yellowish |
| Other Symptoms | Itching in nose, eyes, sneezing, watery eyes | Cough, sore throat, fever |
| Frequency | May be seasonal or persistent | Depends on virus seasonality |
| Temperature | Usually normal | May be elevated (especially in children) |
2. Causes
Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis occurs due to an allergic reaction when the immune system mistakenly identifies harmless substances, like pollen or dust, as threats. In response, the body releases histamine and other mediators, causing inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Main causes of allergic rhinitis include:
- Plant pollen (especially in spring and autumn)
- Household dust and dust mites
- Animal fur and dander
- Mold and fungal spores
- Chemical irritants (e.g., smoke, fragrances)
ARVI-Related Runny Nose
A runny nose during ARVI is caused by various viruses that infect the respiratory tract, leading to inflammation of the nasopharynx and nasal mucosa. Infection occurs through contact with an infected person via airborne droplets or contaminated surfaces. Common causes of ARVI-related rhinitis include:
- Rhinoviruses — the most common cause of colds
- Coronaviruses
- Adenoviruses
- Influenza virus — can also cause rhinitis as one of its symptoms.
3. Symptoms
Allergic Rhinitis
- Sneezing — usually intense and frequent, triggered by allergen exposure.
- Watery, clear discharge from the nose that doesn’t thicken.
- Itching in the nose and eyes — a characteristic symptom of allergic rhinitis.
- Watery eyes and eye redness.
- Nasal congestion — especially at night, which may make breathing difficult.
- No fever — body temperature generally remains normal in allergic rhinitis.
ARVI-Related Runny Nose
- Nasal congestion — may vary depending on the stage of the illness.
- Clear discharge at the onset — can later thicken and turn yellowish-green due to bacterial infection.
- Gradual worsening of symptoms — appears 1-2 days after infection.
- Cough and sore throat — common accompanying symptoms, not typical of allergic rhinitis.
- Slight fever — mild or up to 38°C, especially in children.
- General weakness — feeling tired or fatigued, sometimes accompanied by a headache.
Summary: How to Distinguish Allergic Rhinitis from ARVI-Related Runny Nose
The main difference between allergic rhinitis and an ARVI-related runny nose lies in their causes and additional symptoms. Allergic rhinitis appears suddenly, accompanied by itching in the nose, frequent sneezing, and watery discharge, without fever. An ARVI-related runny nose has a more gradual onset and is often accompanied by general weakness, sore throat, cough, and elevated temperature.
If the runny nose persists for an extended period or has a distinct seasonal pattern, it’s advisable to consult an allergist for a diagnosis and to identify potential allergens. In the case of acute symptoms with fever and sore throat, it’s better to consult a general practitioner for ARVI or other infection screenings.
